Material processing techniques that employ severe plastic deformation have evolved over the past decade, producing metals, alloys and composites having extraordinary properties. Variants of SPD methods are now capable of creating monolithic materials with submicron and nanocrystalline grain sizes. The resulting novel properties of these materials has led to a growing scientific and commercial interest in them. They offer the promise of bulk nanocrystalline materials for structural; applications, including nanocomposites of lightweight alloys with unprecedented strength. These materials may also enable the use of alternative metal shaping processes, such as high strain rate superplastic forming. Prospective applications for medical, automotive, aerospace and other industries are already under development.

With the rapid spreading of resistance among common bacterial pathogens, bacterial infections, especially antibiotic‐resistant bacterial infections, have drawn much attention worldwide. In light of this, nanoparticles, including metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, liposomes, polymersomes, and solid lipid nanoparticles, have been increasingly exploited as both efficient antimicrobials themselves or as delivery platforms to enhance the effectiveness of existing antibiotics. In addition to the emergence of widespread antibiotic resistance, of equal concern are implantable device‐associated infections, which result from bacterial adhesion and subsequent biofilm formation at the site of implantation. The ineffectiveness of conventional antibiotics against these biofilms often leads to revision surgery, which is both debilitating to the patient and expensive. Toward this end, micro‐ and nanotopographies, especially those that resemble natural surfaces, and nonfouling chemistries represent a promising combination for long‐term antibacterial activity. Collectively, the use of nanoparticles and nanostructured surfaces to combat bacterial growth and infections is a promising solution to the growing problem of antibiotic resistance and biofilm‐related device infections.

May 15, 2017 - Especially in CP-Ti, after attaining ultrafine grain structure (UFG, grain size less than ~ 1 μm with high angle grain boundaries), not only. From the 25 μm equiaxed grain structure of the initial titanium rods to 150 nm. Lapovok R., et al., Machining of coarse grained and ultra fine grained tita- nium. Zheng C.Y., et al., Enhanced corrosion resistance and cellular behavior of. Highway code zimbabwe pdf. Naydenkin, Grain boundary sliding in ultrafine grained.

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